
Quadratic Voting Cost Calculator
How Quadratic Voting Works
In quadratic voting, the cost of casting n votes increases as n². Enter the number of votes you want to cast to see the total cost.
Understanding the Quadratic Cost
Each additional vote costs the square of the current vote count:
- 1st vote: 1² = 1 token
- 2nd vote: 2² = 4 tokens
- 3rd vote: 3² = 9 tokens
- Total for 3 votes: 1 + 4 + 9 = 14 tokens
This ensures that while you can increase your influence, the cost grows rapidly, preventing any single participant from dominating the vote.
Quick Takeaways
- Quadratic voting makes each extra vote cost the square of the number of votes you already cast.
- It reduces the power of whales in a Decentralized Autonomous Organization while amplifying minority voices.
- Implementation usually relies on smart‑contract plugins like Realms and identity tools such as Civic Pass.
- Key trade‑offs are higher complexity, the need for Sybil resistance, and voter education.
- Successful pilots include CityDAO, Codeless Conduct hackathon voting, and several experimental DAOs on Ethereum.
What Is Quadratic Voting?
In a nutshell, Quadratic Voting is a voting system where the cost of casting n votes on a single issue grows as n². If one vote costs one token, two votes cost four tokens, three votes cost nine, and so on. The idea is to let participants signal how strongly they feel about a proposal without letting a single large holder buy disproportionate influence.
Why Traditional Token‑Weighted Voting Falls Short
Most DAOs start with token‑weighted voting: each token equals one vote. In practice, that creates a "whale problem"-a participant who holds 10% of the supply can outvote the remaining 90% combined. This concentration can push decisions toward the interests of a few founders or early investors instead of the broader community.
How Quadratic Voting Changes Power Dynamics
Imagine a DAO with 100 members. Ninety‑nine members each hold 1 token, and one "whale" holds 100 tokens. Under linear voting the whale casts 100 votes, dwarfing the 99 votes from the rest. With quadratic voting, the whale’s effective vote count becomes √100=10 (because the cost to use all 100 tokens would be 100²=10000 tokens, far beyond the budget). The 99 small holders can collectively command up to 99 votes, easily outweighing the whale.
Benefits Over Token‑Weighted Voting
Quadratic voting addresses three core issues:
- Equity: It compresses the influence of large token piles, giving minorities a louder voice.
- Intensity Capture: Voters can spend more credits on issues they care deeply about, while staying cheap on low‑priority items.
- Higher Participation: Studies in Frontiers in Blockchain show that quadratic voting tends to involve a larger share of active members compared with linear systems.

Comparison: Linear Token Voting vs. Quadratic Voting
Aspect | Token‑Weighted (Linear) | Quadratic Voting |
---|---|---|
Cost per additional vote | 1 token per vote (constant) | n² tokens for the nth vote (exponential) |
Whale impact | Directly proportional to token count | Compressed by square‑root function |
Preference intensity | Only yes/no or simple weight | Voters can allocate more votes to high‑stakes issues |
Implementation complexity | Simple smart contract | Requires quadratic cost logic and budget management |
Sybil resistance need | Low (token ownership already limits) | High (multiple fake accounts could spread budget) |
Challenges & Risks
Quadratic voting isn’t a silver bullet. The main hurdles are:
- Complexity: Users must understand the quadratic cost curve, which can be intimidating for non‑technical members.
- Sybil attacks: Because each account receives a budget, a malicious actor could create many fake identities to pool votes. Robust identity checks-often via Civic Pass or similar services-are essential.
- Budget design: Deciding how many voting credits each participant receives (per period, per token, flat allotment) directly affects fairness and turnout.
- UI/UX friction: Users need tools that hide the math and let them see the marginal cost of an extra vote in real‑time.
Implementing Quadratic Voting in Your DAO
Below is a practical step‑by‑step guide for a typical Ethereum‑based DAO.
- Define the voting budget. Choose a model-either a flat credit pool per member or a token‑ratio (e.g., 1 credit per 10 tokens). Document the conversion rate clearly.
- Deploy a quadratic voting smart contract. Platforms like Realms offer a plug‑in that automatically enforces the n² cost function. If you build custom code, make sure the contract tracks each voter’s spent credits and calculates the next vote’s cost as (currentVotes+1)²−(currentVotes)².
- Integrate identity verification. Connect the contract to an off‑chain Sybil‑resistance provider (Civic Pass, World ID, or BrightID). The contract should only accept votes from addresses that have a verified unique identity token.
- Educate the community. Publish step‑by‑step guides, host live demos, and run a test proposal to let members practice without financial risk.
- Run a pilot vote. Choose a low‑stakes decision, monitor participation, and collect feedback on cost‑visibility and UI clarity.
- Iterate on parameters. Adjust the credit allocation, address any discovered Sybil loopholes, and consider adding vote‑splitting limits (e.g., max 10 credits per proposal) to prevent budget hoarding.
Real‑World Examples
CityDAO experimented with quadratic voting for community zoning decisions, allowing residents to allocate more influence to proposals that affected their daily lives. The pilot showed a 35% increase in voter turnout versus traditional token voting.
Codeless Conduct used quadratic voting to rank hackathon project submissions. Judges received a fixed budget of 100 credits and could concentrate them on the most innovative projects, resulting in a more nuanced prize distribution.
The Realms platform now includes a built‑in quadratic voting option. DAO creators can toggle the feature, set credit parameters, and automatically link to Civic Pass for Sybil protection, dramatically lowering the technical barrier.
Best Practices & Tips
- Start small. Use a flat credit allotment for the first few proposals before moving to token‑based budgets.
- Show marginal cost. UI elements that display “Next vote will cost X credits” help users make informed decisions.
- Combine with other mechanisms. Some DAOs run a quick linear vote for low‑importance items and reserve quadratic voting for high‑impact proposals.
- Regularly audit identity providers. Ensure the Sybil‑resistance service updates its anti‑fraud algorithms.
- Gather data. Track participation rates, voting power distribution, and proposal outcomes to justify any parameter tweaks.
Frequently Asked Questions
How many credits should each member receive?
There’s no one‑size‑fits‑all answer. Many DAOs start with a flat 10‑credit pool per member per voting cycle. Others tie credits to token holdings at a ratio like 1 credit per 20 tokens. Test both approaches and watch for extreme concentration of voting power.
Can quadratic voting be combined with delegation?
Yes. Some platforms allow users to delegate a portion of their credit budget to trusted representatives, preserving the quadratic cost structure while enabling expertise‑based voting.
What prevents a whale from buying multiple identities?
Robust Sybil‑resistance tools like Civic Pass, World ID, or BrightID verify that each voting address corresponds to a unique human. While not foolproof, they raise the cost of creating fake accounts dramatically.
Does quadratic voting slow down decision‑making?
Initially, yes-members need to understand the credit system. After a few cycles, the process stabilizes, and many UI tools now calculate costs instantly, keeping voting times comparable to linear systems.
Is quadratic voting suitable for high‑value treasury decisions?
It can be, but you may want higher credit allocations and stricter identity checks. Some DAOs split treasury votes into multiple stages-initial quadratic voting to gauge community sentiment, followed by a final linear approval by a council.
Quadratic voting is still evolving, but for DAOs that struggle with whale dominance, it offers a concrete path toward more balanced, expressive governance. By pairing the math‑driven fairness of the quadratic cost curve with modern identity solutions, builders can unlock deeper community involvement without sacrificing security.
Comments
Emily Pelton
First off, quadratic voting is a game‑changer for any DAO that wants real community power, not just the loudest whales!!! It levels the field by making extra votes pricey, so you have to think twice before dumping all your tokens on a single proposal, and that’s exactly the kind of strategic restraint we need.
Remember, the math isn’t magic-it’s a tool that, when used correctly, forces everyone to prioritize what truly matters, and that’s where inclusive governance thrives.
sandi khardani
Let me dissect the entire premise of this quadratic voting framework in excruciating detail: the core assumption is that participants will behave rationally when faced with a quadratic cost function, yet empirical data from token‑weighted systems suggests a persistent bias toward short‑term gain; consequently, the model’s reliance on perfectly calibrated credit allocations is a brittle foundation susceptible to manipulation, especially when a coalition of midsize holders can collude to skew outcomes, thereby subverting the very equity it promises.
Donald Barrett
Honestly, the whole quadratic voting hype is just a way for developers to feel smart without solving the real problem of governance capture; you give out credits, you think you’ve solved Sybil attacks, but the next day a botnet floods the system with fresh identities and the whole thing collapses-so unless you’ve got an ironclad identity layer, you’re just playing a high‑stakes game of hide‑and‑seek.
Christina Norberto
From a philosophical standpoint, one must interrogate the epistemic legitimacy of imposing a quadratic cost on collective decision‑making; the ontological premise presupposes a homogenous valuation of marginal utility across participants, which is a contested axiom in moral theory. Moreover, the reliance on algorithmic enforcement raises profound questions about the transparency of the underlying smart contracts and the potential for embedded biases to influence outcomes covertly. It is imperative that any DAO deploying such mechanisms subject them to rigorous formal verification and open‑source scrutiny to safeguard democratic integrity.
Fiona Chow
So you've basically made voting a math problem-cool, but also kinda pretentious. If you have to explain the cost of one extra vote with a square, maybe your community isn’t ready for the nuance. Anyway, the UI does need to hide the scary numbers; otherwise people just bail.
Rebecca Stowe
Hey, don’t sweat it! The learning curve can be smoothed out with a quick tutorial and some practice rounds-think of it like a game tutorial before the real match. Once folks see the marginal cost in real time, they’ll actually enjoy the strategic depth.
Aditya Raj Gontia
Quadratic voting adds a layer of computational overhead that may not justify the marginal fairness gains.
Kailey Shelton
Sure, the extra math could slow down the vote, but most modern DAO tooling can handle the load without breaking a sweat.
Angela Yeager
In practice, integrating a quadratic voting module usually means adding a plugin like Realms and configuring the credit distribution. Make sure the contract’s gas usage is optimized; otherwise members may face high transaction fees, which can be a barrier to participation.
vipin kumar
One must also consider the hidden agenda of those behind the identity verification services-are they truly neutral, or could they be funneling influence through their own approved pools? The whole ecosystem is a web of trust that can be exploited if not vigilantly monitored.
Lara Cocchetti
It is evident that the proponents of quadratic voting are blind to the possibility that a coordinated group could subvert the system by simply amassing multiple verified identities, thereby nullifying the intended equity.
Mark Briggs
Well, if you think adding a square function solves everything, you’re living in a fantasy.
mannu kumar rajpoot
Look, the whole idea of “identity” in a decentralized world is a myth; you can’t trust any off‑chain verification forever, and the moment you rely on a single provider you hand over power to a gatekeeper.
Tilly Fluf
While acknowledging those concerns, I would respectfully suggest that a layered approach-combining on‑chain attestations with periodic audits-may mitigate the centralization risk without sacrificing the benefits of quadratic cost structures.
Darren R.
Ah, the perennial saga of “new governance models”!! It’s like watching a self‑help guru proclaim the next big thing while ignoring the same old pitfalls that plagued token‑weighted voting!!! Yet, the allure of “equitable influence” remains irresistible for many-so here we are, thronging to the next shiny mechanism!!!
Hardik Kanzariya
Totally get where you’re coming from-setting up a pilot with a modest credit pool lets the community get a feel for the marginal costs before you lock in larger budgets. It also gives the devs a chance to fine‑tune the UI, which is crucial for adoption.
Shanthan Jogavajjala
There’s a subtle technical debt hidden in the quadratic function implementation that many overlook; you need to track each voter’s cumulative spend and recompute the incremental cost on‑the‑fly, which can become a bottleneck if not optimized properly.
Millsaps Delaine
Allow me to articulate a comprehensive perspective on the multifaceted ramifications of quadratic voting within decentralized autonomous organizations, a topic that merits exhaustive exposition, given its profound implications for governance equilibria. First, one must acknowledge the inherent elegance of the quadratic cost curve, which ingeniously compels participants to internalize the intensity of their preferences by imposing a super‑linear marginal expense for each additional vote. Second, this mathematical construct serves as a robust counterbalance to the concentration of wealth, effectively attenuating the dominance of token whales and fostering a more pluralistic discourse. Third, notwithstanding its theoretical merits, the practical deployment of such a system encounters formidable challenges, notably the exigency of robust Sybil resistance mechanisms to preempt identity fragmentation. Fourth, the calibration of credit allocations-whether flat, token‑proportional, or hybrid-exerts a decisive influence on participation dynamics and must be meticulously calibrated to avoid inadvertent disenfranchisement. Fifth, user experience remains a pivotal determinant of adoption; without intuitive interfaces that obfuscate the underlying arithmetic, even the most sophisticated governance model may languish in obscurity. Sixth, empirical observations from pilot implementations, such as those undertaken by CityDAO and Codeless Conduct, reveal a tangible uptick in voter turnout, thereby substantiating the hypothesized efficacy of quadratic voting in mobilizing community engagement. Seventh, the integration of identity verification services-Civic Pass, World ID, BrightID-although indispensable, introduces a layer of centralized trust that may be antithetical to the ethos of decentralization, thus warranting vigilant oversight. Eighth, the interplay between quadratic voting and other governance primitives, such as delegation and linear voting for low‑stakes decisions, invites a hybridized architecture that capitalizes on the strengths of each modality. Ninth, from a game‑theoretic standpoint, the equilibrium outcomes under quadratic voting diverge markedly from those under traditional token‑weighted schemes, engendering a more nuanced alignment of incentives. Tenth, the specter of collusive behavior, wherein coordinated actors pool credits across multiple identities, underscores the necessity for continuous monitoring and adaptive security protocols. Eleventh, the cost of computation, manifested in gas consumption on Ethereum, must be judiciously managed to prevent prohibitive barriers to participation. Twelfth, educational outreach-comprising tutorials, simulators, and community workshops-plays an instrumental role in demystifying the quadratic paradigm and fostering informed participation. Thirteenth, longitudinal studies are imperative to assess the durability of the observed benefits, as short‑term gains may not extrapolate to sustained governance health. Fourteenth, policymakers and token designers should contemplate the ethical dimensions of amplifying minority voices without inadvertently marginalizing the majority. Finally, while quadratic voting is not a panacea, its thoughtful implementation, buttressed by rigorous design, vigilant security, and community-centric onboarding, can substantially enrich the democratic fabric of DAOs, steering them toward more equitable and resilient decision‑making frameworks.
Peter Johansson
Great points! 😊 Adding a credit‑allocation step before voting lets people experiment with the cost curve without risking real tokens, which is perfect for onboarding new members.
Cindy Hernandez
Indeed, a sandbox environment that mirrors the mainnet’s quadratic logic can dramatically lower the entry barrier and build confidence in the process.